Pre−training and Diagnosing Knowledge Base Completion Models

Abstract

In this work, we introduce and analyze an approach to knowledge transfer from one collection of facts to another without the need for entity or relation matching. The method works for both canonicalized knowledge bases and uncanonicalized or open knowledge bases, i.e., knowledge bases where more than one copy of a real-world entity or relation may exist. The main contribution is a method that can make use of large-scale pre-training on facts, which were collected from unstructured text, to improve predictions on structured data from a specific domain. The introduced method is most impactful on small datasets such as ReVerb20k, where a 6% absolute increase of mean reciprocal rank and 65% relative decrease of mean rank over the previously best method was achieved, despite not relying on large pre-trained models like BERT. To understand the obtained pre-trained models better, we then introduce a novel dataset for the analysis of pre-trained models for Open Knowledge Base Completion, called DOGE (Diagnostics of Open knowledge Graph Embeddings). It consists of 6 subsets and is designed to measure multiple properties of a pre-trained model: robustness against synonyms, ability to perform deductive reasoning, presence of gender stereotypes, consistency with reverse relations, and coverage of different areas of general knowledge. Using the introduced dataset, we show that the existing OKBC models lack consistency in presence of synonyms and inverse relations and are unable to perform deductive reasoning. Moreover, their predictions often align with gender stereotypes, which persist even when presented with counterevidence. We additionally investigate the role of pre-trained word embeddings and demonstrate that avoiding biased word embeddings is not a sufficient measure to prevent biased behavior of OKBC models.